Обязанность вынести исполнимое решение в международном арбитраже: критический анализ
Аннотация
Авторы критически анализируют обязанность арбитров вынести исполнимое решение в международном арбитраже, которая нередко рассматривается в качестве отправной точки для разрешения целого ряда правовых вопросов, возникающих при рассмотрении арбитражных споров. В статье обосновывается, что данная обязанность не может подменять другие правовые институты и не имеет самостоятельного значения в вопросах установления арбитрами юрисдикции, выбора применимого права для разрешения спора, а также при рассмотрении дела по существу. Данная обязанность, источником которой выступает арбитражное соглашение, существует в частноправовых интересах самих сторон. Она не может быть использована в качестве инструмента учета публичных интересов государств или международного сообщества. Сам факт, что некоторое решение будет приводиться в исполнение в определенной юрисдикции или же что в этой юрисдикции будет рассматриваться вопрос об отмене решения, не означает наличия у такой юрисдикции связи с предметом спора, достаточной для применения ее права или сверхимперативных норм. И наоборот: тот факт, что некоторое государство не будет местом исполнения или местом вынесения арбитражного решения, не означает, что его право не подлежит применению в международном арбитражном разбирательстве. Данные вопросы урегулированы более нюансированными правилами, касающимися порядка выбора права в международном арбитраже, установления содержания этого права, а также правилами о применении в международном арбитраже сверхимперативных норм третьих стран и норм транснационального публичного порядка. Кроме того, компетенция, которой стороны наделяют арбитров при заключении арбитражного соглашения, предполагает обязанность арбитров самостоятельно определить пределы своей юрисдикции (принцип «компетенция о компетенции») и разрешить спор по существу, проведя собственный юридический анализ применимого права и обстоятельств дела. Если же арбитры подменяют этот анализ попыткой прогнозировать, как на этапе исполнения решения к их решению отнесется тот или иной государственный суд (чье право не является применимым), то их решение также может подлежать отмене как вынесенное с отказом от осуществления юрисдикции (англ.: negative excess of competence). В связи с этим в статье обосновывается, что обязанность арбитров вынести исполнимое решение по общему правилу ограничена восполнением пробелов в вопросах арбитражной процедуры и, например, может быть использована для обоснования полномочий арбитров по осуществлению каких-либо процессуальных действий, которые прямо не предусмотрены соглашением сторон или применимым правовым источником. Однако на практике большинство ссылок на эту обязанность ошибочны.
Скачивания
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