Политики международной правосубъектности и их историческая изменчивость
Аннотация
Автор анализирует учение о субъектах международного права и правосубъектности с точки зрения критики международно-правового позитивизма в его исторической динамике. Несмотря на принципиальную важность для понимания права и его ценности, субъектность — одна из самых скомпрометированных правовых конструкций. Среди причин тому — безальтернативное засилье правового позитивизма, утвердившего господство государства, уравнявшего суверенность с субъектностью и вытеснившего человека за пределы международно-правового поля. Позитивистская доктрина, направленная против метафизики юриспруденции, в конце концов создала свою мифологичную и сакральную сущность — наделенное волей и собственными интересами государство, создающее международное право для себя и применяющее его по своему усмотрению. Вопреки отстаиваемой естественности такого редуцированного до этатизма порядка, история международного права уверенно свидетельствует об изменчивости круга носителей субъектности, его произвольности и даже в известном смысле рукотворности. Практика твердо подтверждает, что индивидуальные решения о субъектности отдельных сущностей принимались живыми людьми под влиянием их представлений о должном, отдельных обстоятельств и среды в целом. И хотя круг субъектов международного права не расширяется строго линейно, его эволюция продиктована растущим запросом на инклюзивность, когда право обращено к живым сущностям и потребностям ординарной жизни. Объективная заданность как дискурсивный прием натурализации отвлеченных и волюнтаристских конструкций позитивизма открывает путь к угнетению и насилию, утверждению привилегированного статуса одних и инструментализации других. «Природа международного права» не предполагает заданных преград к расширению круга его субъектов. Решение проблемы автор видит в отказе от установления априорного содержания правосубъектности и поиска ее социально-культурного или естественного коррелята. Правосубъектность описывает связи, выстраиваемые ее носителем в сетях взаимодействия с себе подобными и иными, в том числе природными, сущностями. Лишенная заданного содержания и смысла, правосубъектность перформативна: являет себя в точке времени и пространства и актуализирует виртуальное. Задача исследователя — в наблюдении за разворачивающимися связями значимых для международного права сущностей.
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