Как сделать международное право более эффективным: эффективность Конвенции Организации Объединенных Наций против коррупции
Аннотация
В статье рассматривается вопрос о том, как сделать международное право более эффективным де-факто. Существует бесчисленное множество конвенций, посвященных защите прав человека, охране окружающей среды или, как в нашем случае, предотвращению коррупции. Главный тезис заключается в том, что юристы и политики могут сделать существующие договоры более эффективными, используя междисциплинарный подход. Он состоит в применении результатов эмпирических исследований других научных областей, включая поведенческую экономику, социологию и криминологию. Этот подход совместим с международным правом, в частности с правилами толкования, изложенными в Венской конвенции о праве международных договоров (далее — ВКПМД), посредством эволюционного толкования. Эффективная антикоррупционная политика должна быть адаптирована к условиям конкретного государства. Если один подход сработал в определенном государстве в конкретной ситуации, это не значит, что эта политика будет иметь такие же результаты везде. В данной статье представлены различные концепции политики по борьбе с коррупцией: рациональный выбор, поддержание я-концепции, теория принципала-агента и проблема коллективных действий. Эти концепции оцениваются через призму эмпирических исследований. Для иллюстрации этого подхода показано применение критерия «культура». В своих исследованиях Г. Хофстеде обнаружил различные культурные измерения: дистанция власти, индивидуализм, маскулинность и избегание неопределенности. Каждое измерение имеет уникальное взаимодействие с коррупцией. Эти взаимодействия объясняют, почему один и тот же подход не дает одинаковых результатов. Например, в государстве с очень высоким индексом дистанции власти подход, основанный на теории принципала-агента, будет не столь эффективен. В странах с высоким индексом дистанции власти средний гражданин практически не влияет на политику государства. Однако подотчетность принципов является одним из ключевых элементов подхода принципал-агент. Напротив, такой подход может привести к обратному результату. Если дать принципалам больше денег и полномочий по контролю, как предполагает подход, это только укрепит существующие структуры. В государстве с высокой степенью подотчетности (низкий индекс дистанции власти) такой подход усилил бы борьбу с коррупцией.
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